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Villa Carlota is the name under which two German farming settlements, in the villages of Santa Elena and Pustunich in Yucatán, were founded during the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867).〔Durán-Merk, Alma: ''Identifying Villa Carlota: German Settlements in Yucatán, México, During the Second Empire'' ( Augsburg: Universität Augsburg, 2007)〕 This colonization program is not to be confused with the Carlota Colony, an American settlement in Veracruz.〔About the Carlota Colony, see: Hanna, Alfred Jackson, and Kathryn Abbey Hanna: ''Napoleon III and Mexico. American Triumph over Monarchy'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971); Mahoney, Harry Thayer and Majorie Locke Mahoney: ''Mexico and the Confederacy, 1860-1867'' (San Francisco: Austin & Winfield, 1998), as well as Rister, Carl Coke: C''arlota: A Confederate Colony in Mexico''. Journal of Southern History, 1945, (11):33-50〕 For strategically and political reasons, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico's immigration policy included the goal to colonize the Yucatán Peninsula with approximately 600 European families of farmers and artisans per year.〔Durán-Merk 2007: 106; Durán-Merk, Alma: ''Los colonos alemanes en Yucatán durante el Segundo Imperio Mexicano''. In: OPUS Augsburg 2008a, http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1329/pdf/Duran_Merk_Colonos_alemanes_Yucatán.pdf.〕 The leader of this colonization program was the Imperial Commissioner to Yucatán, José Salazar Ilarregui.〔See: Werner, Michael S.: ''Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico'' (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001, here p. 321〕 At an operation level, the director was the German engineer and cartographer Moritz von Hippel.〔Moritz von Hippel (b. in Kessel, Prussia, Jan. 1, 1818; m. in Schlesien, 1845; d. in Saint Thomas, Feb. 11, 1895). Served as Director of the Mexican Telegraph Office. See Durán-Merk 2007: 42. Von Hippel's last name has been mistakenly recorded by other authors as "von Hiller"〕 Being a pilot program, Villa Carlota attracted 443 German-speaking immigrants, most of them simple farmers and artisans. The majority came as families. The first group, formed by 224 settlers, arrived to the port of Sisal, Yucatán, on October 25, 1865. These families settled in Santa Elena, a village with mostly Maya people, around 100 kilometers south of Mérida, the capital of Yucatán. Another 219 colonizers arrived to that same port on July 15, 1866; most of them were send to the tiny village of Pustunich, some to Santa Elena and a few others stayed in Mérida or went to work to other Yucatecan locations, such as Holbox, Laguna de Términos or Baca. 72% of the colonists came from Prussia and many of them were Protestants.〔Durán-Merk, Alma: ''Nur deutsche Elite für Yukatan? Neue Ergebnisse zur Migrationsforschung während des Zweiten mexikanischen Kaiserreiches. Only Selected German Immigrants in Yucatán? Recent Findings about the Colonization Policy of the Second Mexican Empire". In: OPUS Ausgburg 2008b, Relatively soon after having settled in Santa Elena, the settler's families started to create relationships with the locals. Marriages between Germans and people of Santa Elena took place; a considerable number of the Germans who were originally Protestants converted into Catholicism; many of the ''padrinos'' were Yucatecans.〔Durán-Merk, Alma (2012): Identifying Villa Carlota: German Colonies Settlements in Yucatán, México, During the Second Empire (1864-1867. 3rd. edition, electronically version available under After the disintegration of Villa Carlota as such, some families migrated to other parts of the peninsula, into the United States and back to Germany. Many stayed, however, in Yucatán, where we can find descendents of these pioneers with last names such as Worbis, Dietrich and Sols, among others.〔A full list with the more than 120 names of the families who colonized Villa Carlota, as well as the names of the officers and organizers of these program can be found in: Durán-Merk, Alma: ''Villa Carlota. Colonias alemanas en Yucatán'', ISBN 978-607-7824-02-2 (Mérida: CEPSA/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/ CONACULTA, 2009)〕 The following characteristics are special about Villa Carlota: (1) It was probably the first case of subsidized migration into México. (2) Being a working migration, and not an "elite" one, the Villacarlotans constitute an "exceptional case among the Germans who migrated into Mexico".〔Bernecker, Walther L. (2009). ''Presentación''. In: Villa Carlota: Colonias Alemanas en Yucatán, by A. Durán-Merk. Mérida: CEPSA/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/CONACULTA, pp. 13-21, here p. 14〕 (3) Contrary to the settlement patterns found in other Latin-American countries,〔Some examples are Osorio and Valdivia in Chile, Tovar in Venezuela, Pozuzo in Perú and most of the colonies in Brasil, such as Blumenau. See: Peter Waldmann: ''Conflicto cultural y adaptación paulatina: La evolución de las colonias de inmigrantes alemanes en el sur de Chile'', in: Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, 1988, no. 25; Conrad Koch: ''La Colonia Tovar: Geschichte und Kultur einer alemannischen Siedlung in Venezuela'' (Basel: Pharos, 1969); Bruno Habicher: ''Pozuzo. Schicksal, Hoffnung, Heimat. Briefe, Berichte, Kommentare'' (Innsbruck: Berenkamp, 2001); Robert Gernhard Doña Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau, drei deutsche Mustersiedlungen im südbrasilianischen Staate Santa Catharina (Breslau: Schlesische Verlagsanstalt, 1901)〕 the Villa Carlotans settled within existing Maya communities: this provided many opportunities for intercultural contact, miscegenation and acculturation. (4) The results brought about by the analysis of Villa Carlota correct "a long list of inaccurate preconceptions about the migration politics of the Second Empire", as well as the idea that only "elite" German migration was received by Mexico.〔Walther L. Bernecker: ''Presentación'', in: Villa Carlota: Colonias Alemanas en Yucatán, A. Durán-Merk (Mérida: CEPSA/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/CONACULTA, 2009), pp. 13-21, here p. 14. Writings on the theme of German elite migration to México are fairly extensive. See for example: Mariane Oeste de Bopp: ''Die Deutschen in Mexico'', in: Die Deutschen in Lateinamerika. Shicksaal und Leistung, (ed.) Hermut Fröschle. IBBN: 3-7711-0293-6, (Tübingen: Erdmann, 1979, pp. 475-564); Walther L. Bernecker: ''Los alemanes en el México decimonónico: cuantificación, estructura socioprofesional, posturas político-ideológicas'', in: Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, 1988, no. 25, pp. 385-414; Jürgen Buchenau:'' Small Numbers, Great Impact: Mexico and Its Immigrants, 1821-1973'', in: Journal of American Ethnic History, 2001, no. 20:3, pp. 23-49, www.u.arizona.edu/~rgolden/MexicoImmigration.pdf; Brigída von Mentz: ''Notas sobre la presencia alemana en la economía y la sociedad mexicanas del siglo XIX'', in: Las relaciones germano-mexicanas. Desde el aporte de los hermanos Humboldt hasta el presente, (coord.) León E. Bieber, ISBN 968-12-1002-6 (México: Colmex, 2001), pp. 131-141〕 In 2008 the Archivo Histórico de Mérida Yucatán hosted a large exhibit about this subject, entitled " Villa Carlota: Una reconstrucción documental de la historia de las colonias alemanas en Yucatán".〔Alvarez Alcocer, Martiniano: "Villa Carlota, un plan visionario", in: Diario de Yucatán, 09.03.2008; Ayuntamiento de Mérida Yucatán: ''La historia de las colonias alemanas en Yucatán, en el Archivo Histórico de Mérida'', Some descendants of these pioneers have already started to research on their own and to publish accounts of their family's histories. == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Villa Carlota, Mexico」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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